Alesandrini, K.L. "Pictorial-verbal and Analytic-holistic Learning Strategies in Science Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology. 73 (1981): 358-368.
Alesandrini, K.L. "Pictures and Adult Learning." Instructional Science. 13 (1984): 63-77.
Bedford, R. "Constraints on Learning New Mappings Between Perceptual Dimensions." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 15 (1989): 232-248.
Dwyer, F. M. Strategies for Improving Visual Learning. State College, PA: Learning Services, 1978.
Hortin, John. "Theoretical Foundations of Visual Learning." In Moore, David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1994): 5-29.
Levin, J. R., B. J. Dretzke, C. B. McCormick, T. E. Scruggs, J. E. McGivern and M. A. Mastropieri. "Learning via Mnemonic Pictures: Analysis of the Presidential Process." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 31 (1983): 161-173.
Levin, J. R. "Pictorial Strategies for School Learning: Practical Illusions." In M. Pressley and J. R. Levin. (Eds.) Cognitive Strategy Research: Educational Applications. (New York: Spinger-Verlag, 1983): 213-237.
Liu, I. "Common and Specific Features in Pictorial Analogies." Memory and Cognition. 9 (1981): 515-523.
Lutz, Kathy and Richard J. Lutz. "Effects of Interactive Imagery on Learning: Application to Advertising." Journal of Applied Psychology. 62 (1977): 493-498.
Martin, D. S. and C. Williams. "A Cognitive Skill Development Program: Possible Breakthrough for Visual Literacy?" Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 3:1 (1983): 45-50.
Paivio, Allan. "Abstractness, Imagery, and Meaningfulness in Paired-associate Learning." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 4 (1964): 32-38.
Pettersson, Rune. "Associations From Pictures." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Royer, J. M. and G. W. Cable. "Illustrations, Analogies, Facilitative Transfer in Prose Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology. 68 (1976): 205-209.
Salomon, Gavriel. "Television is 'Easy' and Print is 'Tough': The Differential Investment of Mental Effort in Learning as a Function of Perceptions and Attributions." Journal of Educational Psychology. 76 (1984): 647-658.
Salomon, Gavriel. Interaction of Media, Cognition, and Learning. San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass, 1979.
Salomon, Gavriel. "Media and Symbol Systems as Related to Cognition and Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology. 71 (1979): 131-148.
Salomon, Gavriel. "Can We Affect cognitive Skills Through Visual Media?" AV Communication Review. 20:4 (1972): 401-423.
Sless, D. Learning and Visual Communication. (New York: Wiley, 1981).
Standing, L. "Learning 10,000 Pictures." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 25 (1973): 107-222.
Winn, W.D. "Visualization in Learning and Instruction: A cognitive Approach." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 30:1 (1982): 3-25.
V A1. Comprehension/Understanding
Bransford, John D. and Marcia K. Johnson. "Consideration of Some Problems of Comprehension." In William G. Chase (Ed.) Visual Information Processing. (New York: Academic Press, 1972).
Goldsmith, E. "Comprehensiblity of Illustration: An Analytical Model." Information Design Journal 1 (1980): 204-213.
Honeck, R. P. , B. M. Sowry, and K. Voegtle. "Proverbial Understanding in a Pictorial Context." Child Development. 49 (1978): 327-331.
Honeck, R. P., K. Voegtle, and B. M. Sowry. "Figurative Understanding of Pictures and Sentences." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 10 (1981): 135-153.
Pailliotet, Ann Watts. "Understanding Visual Information Through Deep Viewing." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Pettersson, Rune. "Comprehensibility." In Nikos Metallinos, (Ed.) Verbo-Visual Literacy. International IVLA Symposium, Delphi Greece, 1993.
Wartofsky, Marx W. "Pictures, Representation and Understanding." In R. Rudner and I. Scheffler (Eds.) Logic and Art: Essays in Honor of Nelson Goodman. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972).
Wartofsky, Marx W. Models--Representation and the Scientific Understanding. (Dordrecht and Boston: D. Reidel, 1979).
V A2. Development/Children's Learning
Abelman, Robert. "You Can't Get There from Here: Children's Understanding of Time-Leaps on Television." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34 (4), 1990, 469-476.
Acker, S. R. and R. K. Tiemens. "Children's Perception of Changes in Size of Televised Images." Human Communication Review. 7 (1981): 340-346.
Ackerman, B. P. "The Effects of Specific and Categorical Orienting on Children's Incidental and Intentional Memory for Pictures and Words." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 39 (1985): 300-325.
Anderson, D. R., L. F. Alwitt, E. P. Lorch and S. R. Levin. "Watching Children Watch Television." In G. A. Hale and M. Lewis (Eds.) Attention and Cognitive Development (New York: Plenum, 1979), 331-361.
Bacharach, V. R., T. H. Carr, and D.S. Mehner. "Interactive and Independent Contributions of Verbal Descriptions to Children's Picture Memory." Journal of Experimental Child Development. 22 (1976): 492-497.
Banks, M. S. and P. Salapqtek. 'Infant Visual Perception." In M. M. Haith and J. Campos (Eds.) Infancy and Biological Development. Vol. 2 of P. Mussen (Ed.) Handbook of Child Psychology. (New York: Wiley, 1983).
Bird, J.E. and A. F. Bennett. "A Developmental Study of Recognition of Pictures and Nouns." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 18 (1974): 117-126.
Brooks, P. H. "The Role of Action Lines in Children's Memory for Pictures." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 23 (1977): 98-107.
Brown, A. L. and M. S. Scott. "Recognition Memory for Pictures in Preschool Children." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 11 (1971): 401-412.
Buettner, S. "John Dewey and the Visual Arts in America." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 33, 1975: 383-391.
Cann, A. and S. R. Newbern. "Sex Stereotype Effects in Children's Picture Recognition." Child Development. 55 (1984): 1085-1090.
Cavin, Erica. "In Search of the Viewfinder: A Study of a Child's Perspective." Visual Sociology. ( Spring 1994): 27-41.
Calvert, Sandra. "Television Production Feature Effects on Children's Comprehension of Time." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 9, 1988: 263-273.]
Cleaver, Betty P., Pamela Scheurer, Mary E. Shorey. "Children's Response to Silhouette Illustrations in Picture Books." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Comuntzis-Page, Georgette. "Please Won't You Be My Neighbor: Investigating Young Children's Knowledge of the Spatial Layout of Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood of Make-believe." Visual Communication 8, Feather River CA, 1994.
Comuntzis-Page, Georgette. "Children's Comprehension of Changing Viewpoints in Visual Presentations." First Annual Visual Communication Conference, Alta Utah, 1987.
Comuntzis-Page, Georgette. "Perspective-Taking Theory: Shifting Views from Sesame Street." Visual Communication 5, Breckenridge, CO, 1991.
DePaulo, B. M. and R. Rosenthal. "Age Changes in Nonverbal Decoding as a Function of Increasing Amounts of Information." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 26 (1978): 280-287.
DiLollo, V., J. L. Arnett, and R. V. Kruk. "Age Related Changes in Rate of Visual Information Processing." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 8 (1982): 225-237.
Dirks, J. and Ulrich Neisser. "Memory for Objectives in Real Scenes: The Development of Recognition and Recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 23 (1977): 315-328.
Fantz, R. L. "The Origins of Form Perception." Scientific American. 204 (1961): 66-72.
Fisher, C. B. and L. G. Braine. "Left-right Coding in Children: Implications for Adult Performance." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 20 (1982): 305-307.
Flavell, J.H. Cognitive Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall;
Flavell, J. H. , E. R. Flavell, and F. L. Green. "Development of the Appearance-reality Distinction." Cognitive Psychology. 15 (1983): 95-120.
Forisha, B. D. "Mental Imagery Verbal Processes: A Developmental Study." Developmental Psychology. 1975 (11): 259-267.
Fredette, Barbara. "Issues in Identifying Visually Gifted Young Children." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Fredette, Barbara. "Identifying the Visually Gifted: A Case Study." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art ,Science and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).
Gardner, Howard. "On the Acquisition of First Symbol Systems." Studies in Visual Communication. 3:1 (Spring, 1976): 22-37.
Gardner, Howard. The Arts and Human Development. (New York: Wiley, 1973).
Gardner, Howard. Art, Mind, and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity. (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
Gibson, E. J. and E. S. Spelke. "The Development of Perception." In J. H. Flavell and E. Markman (Eds.) Cognitive Development. Vol. 3. of P. Mussen (Ed.) Handbook of Child Psychology. (New York: Wiley, 1983).
Gibson, E. J. and R. D. Walk. "The 'Visual Cliff'." Scientific American. 202 (1960): 64-71.
Gross, T.F. Cognitive Development. Monterey CA: Brooks/Cole, 1985.
Guttman, J., J.R. Levin and M. Pressley. "Pictures, Partial Pictures, and Young Children's Oral Prose Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology. 69 (1977): 473-480.
Haring, M.J. and M. A. Fry. "Effect of Pictures on Children's comprehension of Written Text." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 27:3 (1979): 185-190.
Held, R. M. "Binocular Vision: Behavioral and Neuronal Development." In J. Mehler and R. Fox. (Eds.) Neonate Cognition. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1985).
Higgins, L.C. "A Factor Analysis Study of Children's Picture Interpretation Behavior." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 26:3 (1978): 215-232.
Higgins, L.C. "Literalism in the Young Child's Interpretation of Pictures." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 28:2 (1980): 99-119.
Hochberg, Julian and Virginia Brooks. "Pictorial Recognition as an Unlearned Ability: A Study of One Child's Performance." American Journal of Psychology. 75, 1962: 624-628.
Hofsten, C. von. "Early Spatial Perception Taken in Reference to Manual Action." Acta Psychologica. 63 (1986): 323-335.
Hollenberg, C. K. "Functions of Visual Imagery in Learning and Concept Formation of Children." Child Development. 41 (1970): 1003-1015.
Houston, Aletha, D. Greer, J. C. Wright, R. Welch and R. Ross. "Children's Comprehension of Televised Formal Features with Masculine and Feminine Connotations." Developmental Psychology. 20 (1984): 707-716.
Ironsmith, M. "Recognition Memory for Components of Pictures in Children and Adults." Child Development. 51 (1980): 899-901.
Kee, D. W. and L. G. Helfend. "Developmental Differences in the Encoding of Spatial-Orientation Information." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 21 (1983): 381-383.
Levin, J. R., E. S. Ghatala, T. M. DeRose, and L. A. Makoid. "Image Tracing: An Analysis of Its Effectiveness in Children's Pictorial Discrimination Learning." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 23 (1977): 78-83.
Levin, J.R. and J. K. Berry. "Children's Learning of All the News That's Fit to Picture." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 28:3 (1980): 177-185.
Levin, J.R. P. Divine-Hawkins, S. Kerst and J. Guttman. "Individual Differences in Learning from Pictures and Words: The Development and Application of an Instrument." Journal of Educational Psychology. 22 (1974): 296-303.
Luszcz, M. A. and V. R. Bacharach. "Preschoolers' Picture Recognition Memory: The Pitfalls of Knowing How a Thing Shall Be Called. " Canadian Journal of Psychology. 34 (1980): 155-160.
Mackworth, N. H. and J. S. Burner. "How Adults and Children Search and Recognize Pictures." Human Development. 13 (1970): 149-177.
Mandler, J. M. and C. A. Robinson. "Developmental Changes in Picture Recognition." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 26 (1978): 122-136.
Metallinos, Nikos. "Children's Perception, Retention, and Preference of Asymmetrical Composition in Pictures." Visual Literacy Association, Lexington, KT, 1981.
Meltzer, L. J. "Visual Perception: Stage One of a Long-term Investigation into Cognitive Components of Achievement." British Journal of Educational Psychology 52 (1982): 144-154.
Meyers, P.R. "Children's Memory for Sequentially Presented Words and Pictures.: Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 1:1 (1981): 7-30.
Odum, P. B. and N. H. Nesbitt. "Some Processes in Children's Comprehension of Linguistically and Visually Depicted Relationships." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 17 (1974): 399-408.
Olson, R. K. "Children's Sensitivity to Pictorial Depth Information." Perception and Psychophysics. 17 (1975): 59-64.
Paine, P. A. "Eidetic Imagery and Recall Accuracy in Preschool children." Journal of Psychology. 105 (180): 253-258.
Pettersson, Rune. "Pictorial Capabilities of Comprehensive School Students." Educational Technology Research and Development. 3 (1989): 113-114.
Piaget, J. and B. Inhelder. Mental Imagery in the Child. (New York: Basic books, 1971).
Pressley, G. M. "Imagery and Children's Learning: Putting the Picture in Developmental Perspective." Review of Educational Research. 47 (1977): 585-622.
Pressley, M. and J.R. Levin. "Learning via Mnemonic Pictures: Analysis of the Presidential Process." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 31:3 (1978): 161-171.
Presson, C. C. "The Development of Map-reading Skills." Child Development. 53 (1982): 196-199.
Ramos-Ford, V. and Howard Gardner. "Giftedness from a Multiple Intelligence Perspective." In N. Colangelo and G. A Davis (Eds.). Handbook of Gifted Education. (Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & BAcon, 1991): 55-64.
Ramsey, I.L. "Children's Responses to Selected Art Styles." Journal of Educational Research. 83:1 (1989): 46-52.
Ramsey, I.L. "Primary Children's Ability to Distinguish Between Illustration Styles," Journal of Visual Literacy. 9:2 (1989): 69-82.
Rohwer, W.D. Jr. "Images and Pictures in Children's Learning: Research Results and Educational Implications." Psychological Bulletin. 73 (1970): 393-403.
Scarborough, H. S. "Development of Visual, Name, and Conceptual Memory Codes for Pictures." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 25 (1977): 260-278.
Silver, R. A. "Using Art to Evaluate and Develop Cognitive Skills." American Journal of Art Therapy. 16 (October, 1976): 11-19.
Slater, A., V. Morison, and D. Rose. "Visual Memory at Birth." British Journal of Educational Psychology. 73 (1982): 519-525.
Salomon, Gavriel. "Television Watching and Mental Effort: A Social Psychological View." In J. Bryant and D.R. Anderson (Eds.). Children's Understanding of Television. (New York: Academic Press, 1983: 181-198).
Smith, Robin, Daniel Anderson and Catherine Fischer. "Young Children's Comprehension of Montage." Child Development, 56 (4), 1985: 962-971.
Spelke, E. S. "Where Perceiving Ends and Thinking Begins: The Apprehension of Objects in Infancy." In A. Yonas (Ed.) Perceptual Development in Infancy. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology. Vol. 20. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1988).
Spelke, E. S. "Preferential Looking Methods as Tools for the Study of Cognition in Infancy." In G. Gottlieb and N. Krasnegor (Eds) Measurement of Audition and Vision in the First Year of Postnatal Life. (Norwood NJ: Ablex, 1985).
Steri, A. and E. S. Spelke "Haptic Perception of Objects in Infancy." Cognitive Psychology. 20 (1988): 1-23.
Walk, R. D. Perceptual Development. (Belmont CA: Brooks/Cole, 1981).
Yonas, A. and E. E. Granrud. "The Development of Sensitivity to Kinetic, Binocular and Pictorial Depth Information in Human Infants." In D. Ingle, D. Lee, and M. Jeannerod (Eds.) Brain Mechanisms and Spatial Vision. (Amsterdam: Nijhoff, 1984).
Ausburn, L.J. and F. B. Ausburn. "Visual Literacy: Background Theory and Practice." Programmed Learning and Educational Technology 15 (1978): 291-297.
Bopryk, Jeanette. "Visual Literacy in Education--A semiotic Perspective." Journal of Visual Literacy. 14:1 (Spring, 1994): 35-49.
Braden, Roberts and Judy Baca: Toward a Conceptual Map for Visual Literacy Constructs," In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and Roberts Branden (Eds.).Investigating Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1990).
Baca, Judy Clark and Roberts A. Braden. "The Delphi Study: A Proposed Method for Resolving Visual Literacy Uncertainties." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1989).
Baca, Judy Clark and Roberts A. Braden. "A Research Approach to the Identification, Clarification and Definition of Visual Literacy and Related Constructs." AECT Annual Convention, Anaheim CA, 1990.
Braden, R.A. and Hortin, J.A. "Identifying the Theoretical Foundations of Visual Literacy. Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 2, 1982: 37-42.
Braden, Roberts A. "Twenty-Five Years of Visual Literacy Research." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1994).
Burbank, Lucille and Dennis W. Pett. "Eight dimensions of Visual Literacy." Instructional Innovator (January, 1983): 25-27.
Cassidy, M.F. and J. Q. Knowlton. "Visual Literacy: A Failed Metaphor." Educational Communications and Technology Journal. 31, 1983: 67-90.
Curtiss, Deborah. "The Rewards of Visual Literacy: An Artist's Perspective," In Nikos Metallinos, (Ed.), Verbo-Visual Literacy, International IVLA Symposium Conference Proceedings, Delphi Greece, 1993: 51-56 .
Dake, Dennis M. "Process Issues in Visual Literacy." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1995).
Dake, Dennis M. Curriculums in Visual Literacy. (Ames, IA: Iowa State University, 1982).
Debes, John. "The Loom of Visual Literacy: An Overview." In C. M. Williams and J. L. Debes (Eds.) Proceedings: First National Conference on Visual Literacy. (New York: Pitman, 1970): 1-16.
Debes, John. "Some Foundations for Visual Literacy." Audiovisual Instruction. 13, 1968: 961-964;
Debes, John. "The Loom of Visual Literacy." Audiovisual Instruction. 14 (8), 1969: 25-27.
Dwyer, F. "The Contributions Offered by Research to the Ongoing Evolutionary Development of Visual Literacy." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 2:2 (1982): 62-66.
Dwyer, F. "Visual Literacy's First Dimension: Cognitive Information Acquisition." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 5:1 (1985): 7-16.
Dwyer, F., H. DeMelo and M. Szabo. "Visual Testing: Visual Literacy's Second Dimension." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 1:1 (1981): 37-48.
Kerns, H. Dan. "Improving Visual Literacy in Television Production Courses." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and Roberts Branden (Eds.).Visual Communication, (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1991).
Lamberski, R. J. "Visual Literacy: Emerging and Diverging Points of View." AECT Research and Theory Newsletter 5:3 (1976): 1.
Leahy, Susan B. "Visual Literacy: Investigation of Visual Literacy Concepts as Historically Developed in the Writings of Selected Western Philosophers from the Pre-Socratics to Commenius." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca and Roberts A. Braden, (Eds.) Investigating Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1990).
Messaris, Paul. "Visual Literacy and Visual Culture." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1995).
Messaris, Paul. "Analog, Not Digital: Roots of Visual Literacy and Visual Intelligence." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1994).
Messaris, Paul. "Visual 'Literacy': A Theoretical Synthesis." Communication Theory. 4 (1993): 277-294.
Messaris, Paul. Visual Literacy vs. Visual Manipulation." Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 11 (June 1994), 181-203
Messaris, Paul. "Perceptual Bases of Visual Literacy." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art ,Science. and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).
Messaris, Paul. "To What Extent Does One Have to Learn to Interpret Movies?" In S. Thomas (Ed.). Film/Culture: Explorations of Cinema in its
Messaris, Paul. "Cognitive Consequences of Visual-'Literacy" Curricula: A Whorfian Perspective." Visual Communication 6, Flagstaff AZ, 1992.
Messaris, Paul. "Visual 'Literacy'" What is It? How Do We Measure It? visual Communication 5, Breckenridge CO, 1991.
Messaris, Paul. "Viewers' Interpretations of Associational Montage: The Influence of 'Visual Literacy' and Educational Background." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Annual Conference, Washington D.C., 1989.
Miller, LaVerne. "Fun With Pictures, Puns and American Idioms--or Madison Avenue Helps Teach Visual, Verbal, and Cultural Literacy." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrel G. Beauchamp, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1990).
Pettersson, Rune. "Visual Literacy." In The International Encyclopedia of Education. 2nd ed. (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1994).
Pettersson, Rune. "Visual Literacy." Frame Work: A Journal of Images and Culture. 2:1 (1988): 34-42.
Robinson, Rhonda. "Investigating Visual Literacy: Developing Skills Across the Curriculum." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Investigating Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1990).
Schallert-Lawrie, Patricia. "Visual Literacy and Communications." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1989).
Schamber, Linda. "A Content-Driven Approach to Visual Literacy: Gestalt Rediscovered." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Conference, Norman OK, 1986.
Schamber, Linda. "Core Course in Visual Literacy for Ideas, not Techniques." Journalism Educator 46 (1991): 16-21.
Seels, Barbara. "Visual Literacy: The Definition Problem." In Moore, David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Englewood Cliffs NJ: (Educational Technology Publications, 1994): 97-112.
Semali, Ladislaus. "Integrating Visual Literacy Across the Curriculum." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1995).
Spitzer, D.R. and T. O. McNerny. "Operationally Defining 'Visual Literacy,' A Research Challenge." Audiovisual Instruction. 20:7 (1975): 30-31.
Sutton, Ronald E. "Subliminal Seduction or Visual Illiteracy?" In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1990).
Walker, Alice D. "Developing the Schemata of Visual Literacy." Journal of Visual Literacy. 12:2 (Autumn, 1992): 75-87.
Griffin, R. E. and J. A. Whiteside. "Visual Literacy: A Model for Understanding the Discipline." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging 4:2 (1984): 65-74.
Zettl, Herb. "The Age of Pixels: A Call for Visual Literacy." In Nikos Metallinos (Ed.), Verbo-Visual Literacy, IVLA International Symposium Conference Proceedings, Delphi Greece, 1993 : 5-9.
Anderson, Neil. "Impact & Images: Making A Case for Media Literacy in the Classroom." Media & Values. 57 (Winter, 1992): 16-17.
Hobbs, Renee. "The Development of Teachers' Media Literacy Skills: A Report on the Billerica Initiative." Visual Communication 9. Flagstaff AZ: 1995.
Salomon, Gavriel. "Television Literacy vs. Literacy. Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 2, Fall, 1982: 7-16.
Streibel, M. J. "Visual Literacy, Television Literacy and Computer Literacy: Some Parallels and a Synthesis." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 5:2 (1985): 5-14.
Sutton, Ronald E. "Information Literacy Meets Media Literacy and Visual Literacy." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).
Adams, D. M. and M. Hamm. "Teaching Students Critical Viewing Skills." Curriculum Review 26 (3): 29-31.
Brown, J. Television Critical Viewing Skills Education: Major Literacy Projects in the United States and Selected Countries. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1991).
Couch, Rich. "Critical Viewing of Television." The Visual Literacy Review. 25:2 (April, 1995): 5,7.
Desmond, R. J. and S. Jeffries-Fox. "Elevating Children's Awareness of Television Advertising: The Effects of a Critical Viewing Program." Communication Education. 32 (1983): 107-115.
Finn, P. "Developing Critical Television Viewing Skills." Educational Forum. 44 (1980): 473-482.
Gnizak, Eleanor P. and Rita Girshman. "Critical Thinking-Visual Thinking: Applications for Research and Production." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. 1989 Annual Conference Proceedings. 1990.
Hefzallah, I.M. Critical Viewing of Television. Lanhan, MD: University Press of America, 1987).
Lloyd-Kolkin, D. "Teaching Students to Become Television Viewers." Journal of Educational Television. 8 (1982): 88-108.
Metallinos, Nikos. "Approaches to Visual Communication Media Criticism and Their Application to Television Genres." In d. G. Beauchamp, R. A. Braden, and R. E. Griffin, (Eds.). Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1995).
Rood, Carrie Marie. "Critical Viewing and the Relevance of the Emotional Experience." Visual Communication 9. Flagstaff AZ, 1995.
Shutkin, D. S. "Video Production Education: Towards a Critical Media Pedagogy." Journal of Visual Literacy. 10:2 (1990): 42-59.
Sutton, Ronald E. "Watch: Critical Viewing Guide for Children." In R.A. Braden, D.G. Beauchamp, and L.W. Miller (Eds.). Visible and Viable: The Role of Images in Instruction and Communication. (Commerce TX: International Visual Literacy Association, 1987).
Watkins, L.T., J. Sprafkin, K.D. Gadow, and I. Sadetsky. "Effects of a Critical Viewing Skills Curriculum on Elementary School Children's Knowledge and Attitudes about Television. Journal of Educational Research, 81 (1988): 165-170.
White, N. Inside Television: A Guide to Critical Viewing. (Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, 1980).
DeMelo, H. and F. M. Dwyer. "The Effect of Visual Testing in Assessing the Instructional Potential of Variables Associated with Visualized Instruction." Journal of Instructional Psychology. 10 (3): 126-138.
Hortin, John A. and Gerald D. Bailey. "Visualization: Theory and Applications for Teaching." Reading Improvement. 20:1 (1983): 70-74.
Pettersson, Rune, Nikos Metallinos, Robert Muffoletto, J. Shaw. and Yasuo Takakuwa. "The Use of Verbo-Visual Information in Teaching of Geography--Views from Teachers." In J. Clark-Baca, D. G. Beauchamp and R. A. Braden (Eds.) Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1992: 211-222. Also published in Educational Technology Research and Development 41:1 (1993): 101-107.
V C1. Instructional Media/Ed Tech
Bennett, L. "The Effect of Varying Visual Activities to Impact Cognitive Processing and the Achievement of Educational Objectives." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.)Visual Communication, (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1991).
Blinn, Lynn M. "Pre- and Post-Definitions of Family: A Method for Testing Effects of Visual and Verbal Instructional Strategies." AECT, Anaheim CA, 1985.
Cohen, P. A. , B. J. Ebeling, and J. A. Kulik. "A Meta-analysis of Outcome Studies of Visual-based Instruction." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 29 (1981): 26-36.
Dwyer F. "The Effect of Visualized Instruction and Varied Rehearsal and Evaluation Strategies (Verbal and Visual) in Facilitating Students' Long-term Retention on Tests Measuring Different Instructional Objectives." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 5:2 (1985): 15-28.
Dwyer, F. and H. DeMelo. "A Systematic Assessment of the Effects of Visual Testing of Visualized Instruction: A Justification for Instructional Congruency." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 4:1 (1984): 53-66.
Gueulette, David G. "Curriculum: Managed Visual Reality." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.
Hunter, John M. , David M. Moore, and Edward H. Sewell. "The Effects of Teaching Strategy and Cognitive Style on Student Interpretations of Editorial Cartoons." Journal of Visual Literacy. 11:2 (Autumn, 1991): 35-56.
Kervin, Denise. "Structure as a Source of Meaning Within Audiovisual Messages." Association for Educational Technology. Dallas, 1984.
Lenze, James S. "Learner Generated Versus Instructor Induced Visual Imagery." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science. and Visual Literacy Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.)
Levin, J. R. "Educational Applications of Mnemonic Pictures: Possibilities Beyond Your Wildest Imagination." In A. Sheikh and K. S. Sheikh. (Eds.) Imagery in Education (Farmingdale NY: Baywood, 1985): 63-87.
Pettersson, Rune. "Combined Learning." Axiom. 5 (April 1995): 37-58.
Pettersson, Rune. "Teachers, Students and Visuals." Journal of Visual Literacy 10:1 (Spring, 1990): 45-62.
Ramsey, I. "Primary Children's Ability to Distinguish Between Illustrative Styles." Journal of Visual Literacy. 9:2 (1989): 69-82.
Sheikh, A. and K. S. Sheikh. (Eds.) Imagery in Education (Farmingdale NY: Baywood, 1985): 63-87.
Smith, Patricia L. and Tillman J. Ragan. "Designing Visual Analogies for Instruction." Journal of Visual Literacy. 10:2, 60-83.
Stredney, Don. "Visual Perception in the Arts and Design: Curricular Issues and Other Musings." In Judy Clark Baca, Darrel G. Beauchamp and Roberts A Braden (Eds.) Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures. IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1991. Also in Journal of Visual Literacy. 13:1 (Spring, 1993): 35-52.
Zavotka, S. L. "Spatial Visualization Instruction and the Spatial Ability of College Students." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging 8:1 (1988): 46-55.
Agnew, G. Reed. "Writing Backwards: The Use of Visual Models in Writing." Visible Language. 20:2 (Spring, 1986): 233-243.
Arlin, M., M. Scott and J. Webster. "The Effects of Pictures on Rate of Learning Sight Words: A Critique of the Focal Attention Hypothesis." Reading Research Quarterly. 14:(1978/79): 645-657.
Brooks, L. R. "The Suppression of Visualization in Reading." The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1967 (19): 289-299.
Danberg, S. D. "The Interaction of Picture and Print in Reading Instruction." Reading Research Quarterly. 12 (1976/77): 176-189.
Darlington, Sonjja. "Visual Literacy as the Basis for Writing Experience: A Summer Gifted and Talented Program." Journal of Visual Literacy. 11:2 (Autumn, 1991): 77-91.
Grow, Gerald. "The Writing Problems of Visual Thinkers." Association for Journalism and Mass Communication Conference, Boston, 1991.
Haber, Ralph N. and L. R. Haber. "Visual Components of the Reading Process." Visual Language 15:2 (1981).
Sinatra, R. Visual Literacy Connections to Thinking, Reading, and Writing. Springfield,, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1986).
Sinatra, "Visual/Spatial Strategies for Writing and Reading Improvement." In A.D. Walker and R.A. Braden (Eds.) Visual Literacy: Enhancing Human Potential. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1984).
Singer, H. "Sight Word Learning With and Without Picture: A Critique of Arlin, Scott, and Webster's Research." Reading Research Quarterly. 15 (1980): 290-310.
Whiteside, J. Alan, Mary F. Whiteside, and Robert E. Griffin. "The Structured Writing Technique of Visually Organizing Content: Its Roots and Fruits." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. 1989 Annual Conference Proceedings. 1990.
Willows, D. M. "A Picture is Not Always Worth A Thousand Words: Pictures as Distractors in Reading." Journal of Educational Psychology. 70 (1978): 255-262.
Brody, P.J. "Research on Pictures in Instructional Texts: The Need for a Broadened Perspective." Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29:2 (1981): 93-100.
Brody, P.J. "Affecting Instructional Textbooks Through Pictures." In D. H. Jonassen, (Ed.). The Technology of Text. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1982).
Donald, D. R. "The Use and Value of Illustrations as Contextual Information for Readers at Different Progress and Developmental Levels." British Journal of Educational Psychology. 53 (1983): 175-185.
Duchastel, P. C. "Illustrating Instructional Texts." Educational Technology 18 (11): 36-39.
Duchastel, P. and R. Waller. "Pictorial Illustration in Instructional Texts." Educational Technology 19 (11): 20-23.
Haring, M. J. and M. A. Fry. "Effect of Pictures on Children's Comprehension of Written Text." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 27 (1979): 185-190.
Hartley, J. Designing Instructional Text. 2nd ed. (New York: Nichols, 1985).
Hayes, D. A. and J. E. Readence. "Transfer of Learning from Illustration-Dependent Text." Journal of Educational Research. 76 (1983): 195-232.
Holliday, L.. G. "Textbook Illustrations: Fact or Filler?" The Science Teacher (December, 1990): 27-29.
Hurt, J.A. "Assessing Functional Effectiveness of Pictorial Representations Used in Text." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 35:2 (1987): 85-94.
Levie, W. H. and R. Lentz. "Effects of Text Illustrations: A Review of Research." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 30:4 (1982): 195-232.
Levin, J. R. "On Functions of Pictures in Prose." In F. J. Pirozzolo and M. C. Wittrick (Eds.). Neuropsychological and Cognitive Processes in Reading. (New York: Academic Press, 1981).
Levin, J. R. and A. M. Lesgold. "On Pictures in Prose." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 26 (1978): 233-243.
Macdonald-Ross, M. "Graphics in Text." In L.S. Shulman (Ed.). Review of Research in Education. (Itasca, Il: Peacock, 1977).
Mayer, R.E. "Systematic Thinking Fostered by Illustrations in Scientific Text." Journal of Educational Psychology. 81:2 (1989): 240-246.
Pressley, M., J.R. Levin, S. Piggott, M. LeComte and D.J. Hope. "Mismatched Pictures and Children's Prose Learning." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 31:3 (1983): 131-143.
Reid, D. J., N. Briggs, and M. Beveridge. "The Effect of Picture Upon the Readability of a School Science Topic." British Journal of Educational Psychology. 53 (1983): 327-335.
Schallert, D. L. "The Role of Illustrations in Reading Comprehension. In R. J. Spiro, B.C. Bruce, and W. F. Brewer (Eds.) Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1980): 503-524.
V C4. Textbook/Instructional Materials Design
Hartley, James. Designing Instructional Text. (London: Nichols, 1978).
Jonassen, D. H. and P. Hawk. "Using Graphic Organizers in Instruction." Information Design Journal. 4 (1984): 58-68.
Leonard, A. "Developing Print Materials in Mexico for People Who Do Not Read." Educational Broadcasting International. 13 (1980): 168-173.
Macdonald-Ross, M. "Graphics in Texts." Review of Research in Education. 5 (1977): 49-85.
Macdonald-Ross, M. "How Numbers are Shown: A Review of Research on the Presentation of Quantitative Data in Texts." AV Communication Review. 25 (1977): 359-410.
Moxley, R. "Educational Diagrams." Instructional Science. 12 (1983): 147-160.
Samuels S. J., E. Biesbrock and P. R. Terry. "The Effect of Pictures on Children's Attitudes Toward Presented Stories." Journal of Educational Research. 67 (1974): 243-246.
Schiferl, Ellen. "Designing Visual Methods of Communicating Visual Content with Art History Software." In Nikos Metallinos, (Ed.), Verbo-Visual Literacy, International IVLA Symposium, Conference Proceedings, Delphi Greece, 1993:.
Sitz, Robert. "Media's Affair With Visuals: Is It Sizzle, or Substance?" Western Social Science Association Annual Conference, 1992.
Zimmerman, M.L. and G. W. Perkin. "Instructing Through Pictures: Print Materials for People Who Do Not Read." Information Design Journal. 3 (1982): 119-134.
V C5. Educational TV/Film/Multi-Media
Baggett, P. and A. Ehrenfeucht. "Encoding and Retaining Information in the Visuals and Verbals of an Educational Movie." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 31 (1983): 23-32.
Baron, L.J. "Televised Literacy Curriculum in Action: A Long-Term Study." Journal of Educational Television. 11 (1): 49-55.
Burke, K. "Windows and Frames: Another Approach Toward a Theory of Multi-Image." International Journal of Instructional Media. Part I 18 (3): 243-254; Part II 18 (4): 313-325.
Erdman, Barbara E. "A Formal Analysis of the Teaching Film" Journal of Visual Literacy. 11:1 (Spring, 1991): 38-74.
Ferrington, Gary. "Audio Design: Creating Multi-Sensory Images for the Mind." Journal of Visual Literacy. 14:1 (Spring, 1994): 61-68.
Goldstein, E. B. "The Perception of Multiple Image." AV Communication Review. 23 (1975): 34-68.
Griffin, Michael. "Defining Visual Communication for a Multi-media World." Journalism Educator. 16:1 (Spring 1991): 9-15.
Jonassen, D. H. "Implications of Multi-Image for Concept Acquisition." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 27:4 (1979): 291-302.
Leifer, A. D. "Teaching With Television and Film." In N. L. Gage (Ed.) The Psychology Teaching Methods. 75th Yearbook. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).
Marchant, H. "Increasing the Effectiveness of Educational Films: A Selected Review of Research." British Journal of Educational Psychology. 8 (1977): 89-96.
Nadaner, D. "Toward an Analysis of the Educational Value of film and Television." Interchange. 1983: 43-55.
Pettersson, Rune. "Classification of Navigational Principles in Multimedia Systems." Multimedia Information, The Second International Information Research Conference, Churchill College, Cambridge, UK, 1991.
Whiteside, H. Custer. "Can Multi-Image Presentations Be Affective and Effective in Education?" In R.A. Braden, D.G. Beauchamp, and L.W. Miller (Eds.). Visible and Viable: The Role of Images in Instruction and Communication. (Commerce, TX: The International Visual Literacy Association, 1987).
Alesandrini, K.L. "Computer Graphics in Learning and Instruction." In H.A. Houghton and D. M. Willows (Eds.). The Psychology of Illustration, Volume 2: Instructional Issues. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987).
Allen, B.S., R. P. Hoffman, J. Kompella and T. G. Sticht. "Computer-based Mapping for Curriculum Development." In M.R. Simonson and K. Abu-Omar (Eds.). 15th Annual Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations (RTD/AECT). (Ames, IA: Iowa State University, 1993.)
Baek, Y. and B. Layne. "Color Graphics and Animation in a Computer Assisted Learning Tutorial Lesson." Journal of Computer-Based Instruction. 15 (4): 131-135.
Baker, P. R. and S. L. Zavotka. "Spatial Cognition as an Enabling Tool for the Production of Three dimensional Computer Generated Animation: An Issue for Educational Researchers." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 4:1 (1984): 41-46.
Duchastel, P.C. "Display and Interaction Features of Instructional Texts and Computers." British Journal of Educational Technology. 19:10 (1988): 58-65.
Duin, A.H. "Computer-Assisted Instructional Displays: Effects on Students' computing Behaviors, Prewriting, and Attitudes." Journal of Computer Based Instruction. 15:2 (1988): 48-56.
Friedhoff, R.M. Visualization: The Second Computer Revolution. (New York: Abrams, 1989).
Grabinger, R. S. "Screen Layout Design: Research into the Overall Appearance of the Screen." Computers in Human Behavior 5 (1989): 175-183.
Grabinger, R.S. "Computer Screen Designs: Viewer Judgments." Educational Technology Research and Development 41:2 (1993): 35-73.
Hartley, J. "Designing Electronic Text: The Role of Print-Based Research." Educational Communications and Technology Journal. 35:1 (1987): 3-17.
Jones, M.G. "Visuals for Information Access: A New Philosophy for Screen and Interface Design." In D.G. Beauchamp, R.A. Braden and R.E. Griffin (Eds.). Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1995).
Lee, C. "Computer Literacy and Visual Literacy: The Education of the Artist." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 7:2 (1987).
Lester, Paul. "Computer Aids Instruction in Photojournalism Ethics." Journalism Educator. 44 (Summer 1989): 13-17, 49.
Nathan, Tracy. "Computer Visualization: Changing the Way We Think." The Futurist. (May-June, 1980), 29-32.
Pettersson, Rune. "Using Digital Image Elements to Produce Schematic Pictures." In D. G. Beauchamp, R.A. Braden and J. Clark-Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. (Blacksburg VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1994).
Pettersson, Rune. "Image Data Bases in Art and Science." In R. A. Braden, J. Clark-Baca, and D. G. Beauchamp (Eds.) Art, Science and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1993).
Reiber, L.P. Computers, Graphics, and Learning. (Dubuque, IA: WCB Brown, 1994).
Reiber, L.P. "Effects of Visual Grouping Strategies of Computer Animated Presentations on Selective Attention in Science." Educational Technology Research and Development. 39:4 (1991): 5-15.
Reiber, L.P. "Computer Animation, Incidental Learning, and Continuing Motivation." Journal of Educational Psychology. 83:3 (1991): 318-328.
Reiber, L.P. and A. Kini. "Theoretical Foundations of Instructional Applications of Computer-Generated Animated Visuals." Journal of Computer-Based Instruction. 18:3 (1991): 83-88.
Reiber, L.P. "Animation in Computer-based Instruction." Educational Technology Research and Development. 38:1 (1990): 77-86.
Snetsinger, Wendy and Barabara Grabowski. "Use of Humorous Visuals to Enhance Computer-Based-Instruction." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1994.