Contents
Contents
Contents
1 Introduction
Ingress
Causes of eutrophication
State of the art of research regarding river and drainage basin pollution of nutrients
State of the art of research regarding atmospheric deposition of nutrients
State of the art of research regarding marine eutrophication
Scope of the present text
Acknowledgements
A Atmospheric block
2 Atmospheric deposition of nutrients
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sources
2.3 Transport
2.3.1 Turbulence
2.3.2 Atmospheric stability
2.3.3 The Planetary Boundary Layer
2.3.4 Atmospheric trajectories
2.4 Transformation
2.5 Deposition pathways
2.5.1 Wet deposition
2.5.2 Dry deposition
2.6 Measurements of deposition
2.6.1 Measurements of deposition
2.6.1.1 Measurements of wet deposition
2.6.1.2 Measurements of dry deposition
2.7 Modelling of deposition
2.7.1 Model domain
2.7.2 Model equations
2.7.3 Model input
2.7.3.1 Meteorology
2.7.3.2 Emissions
2.7.3.3 Land use
2.7.3.4 Initial and boundary conditions
2.7.4 Model validation
2.7.5 Model result examples
Acknowlegdements
B Runoff block
3 Agriculture and the Water Quality Impacts
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Short-term historical perspective
3.1.2 The agricultural contribution to decreased water quality
3.2 Loss processes and governing factors
3.3 Monitoring of nutrient losses -- methodological aspects
3.4 Measurements of diffuse nutrient losses in the Nordic/Baltic region
3.5 The management of diffuse agricultural pollution sources
4 Nutrient supply by rivers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Long-term changes
4.3 Sources and retention
4.4 Controllability
4.5 Future perspectives
4.6 Conclusions
4.7 Appendix
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
5 Coastal Nutrient Inputs from Groundwater: Case Studies from the East Coast of the United States
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Submarine Groundwater Discharge: Processes
5.2.1 Water transport via SGD
5.2.2 Nutrient transport via SGD
5.3 Locating and Measuring Submarine Groundwater Discharge
5.4 Nutrient Fluxes from Submarine Groundwater Discharge
5.4.1 Case study: Nitrate and SGD in the Delaware River and Bay Estuary
5.4.2 Other SGD nutrient flux investigations
5.5 The Future
6 Drainage basin use and nutrient supply by rivers to the coastal zone.
6.1 Abstract
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Generic modelling approach
6.4 Origin and processes of nutrient transformation in the river continuum
6.4.1 Diffuse and point inputs of nutrients in the drainage networks
6.4.2 Transformation of nutrients in the drainage networks
6.4.2.1 Flow rate and retention
6.4.2.2 Elimination by denitrification
6.4.2.3 Phytoplankton nutrient uptake and release
6.5 Modelling phytoplankton and nutrient in drainage networks
6.5.1 Seasonal and geographical variations of phytoplankton development and nutrients
6.5.2 Autotrophy vs heterotrophy in eutrophic and/or polluted rivers: the Seine, the Loire, the Mosel and the Scheldt Rivers
6.6 Combating eutrophication in the Seine river and the Seine Bight : scenarios analysis
6.6.1 In the upstream basins
6.6.2 In the coastal zone
C Pelagic block
7 Eutrophication and phytoplankton
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nutrient limitation and eutrophication
7.3 Eutrophication and Phytoplankton: the Mass Balance Approach
7.4 Eutrophication and Phytoplankton Species Selection and Responses
7.5 Eutrophication, Indicator Species and Harmful Blooms
7.6 Acknowledgements
8 Eutrophication, primary production and vertical export
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Eutrophication
8.3 Primary production and vertical export
8.4 Nutrient supply, primary production, retention and vertical export
8.5 Algorithms of primary production versus vertical carbon export
8.6 Gullmaren Fjord and Kattegat examples
8.7 Variability of vertical export in the pelagic zone
8.8 Seasonal variation in vertical export
8.9 Eutrophication and phytoplankton biomass accumulation
9 Harmful Algal Blooms
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Possible reasons behind the increase in harmful algal blooms
9.2.1 Are only inorganic nutrients utilized by HABs to grow?
9.3 Are there any way to diminish or at least mitigate HABs?
9.4 Conclusions
9.5 Acknowledgements
10 Interactive impacts of human activities and storm events on coastal nutrient loading and eutrophication
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Anthropogenic stressors
10.3 Managing eutrophication
10.4 Acknowledgements
11 Eutrophication and dose-response relationships in European coastal waters
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Comparative analysis of dose-response relationships
11.3 Different N:P loadings, dose-response relationships and points of no return
11.4 Autotrophic biomass as an indicator of eutrophication
11.5 `Points of no return' triggered by eutrophication?
11.6 Conclusions/Suggestions
11.7 Acknowledgements
D Benthic block
12 Marine eutrophication and benthic metabolism
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Benthic production
Benthic microphytic communities.
Nitrogen cycling in microphythic inhabited sediments and the effects of eutrophication.
12.3 Benthic mineralization
Hydrolysis.
Fermentation.
Heterotrophy.
The reoxidation processes for the heterotrophic metabolism.
Metal cycling of marine sediments.
12.4 Eutrophication effects
13 Benthic phosphorus release from sediment to water
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Significance of benthic phosphorus flux
13.3 Binding of phosphorus in sediments
13.4 Release mechanisms of phosphorus from sediment to water
13.5 Transformation of phosphorus in sediments
13.5.1 Settling of phosphorus in sediments
13.5.2 Biological and nonbiological iron oxide reduction in sediments
13.5.3 Cycling of iron bound phosphorus in sediments
14 Benthic-pelagic coupling
14.1 Abstract
14.2 Benthic-pelagic coupling and eutrophication
14.2.1 Pelagic production as food for benthic fauna
14.2.2 Regulation of benthic production by the benthic fauna
Direct control of phytoplankton biomass.
Suspension feeders and nutrient cycling.
Nutrient absorption/regeneration and zoobenthic communities.
14.3 The case of the silicate pump in the Bay of Brest
14.3.1 Si and coastal food webs
14.3.2 The Bay of Brest example
14.3.3 The working hypothesis
14.3.4 Testing the working hypothesis
Direct evidence of DSi limitation in the Bay of Brest.
Direct effect of
C. fornicata
on DSi benthic fluxes.
Validation at the bay scale.
Preliminary budgets.
14.4 Ecological and biogeochemical implications
14.4.1 Ecological implications in the Bay of Brest
14.4.2 The increasing importance of invasive species in ecosystem functioning
14.4.3 Biogeochemical implications for the Si cycle
The silica depletion hypothesis.
The biodeposition mechanism.
Enrichment of biodeposits with Si.
Annual accumulation of Si in the Bay.
14.5 Acknowledgements
E Mariculture, ecological quality and cultural eutrophication
15 Resource utilization and ecosytem sustainability
15.1 Background
15.2 Objectives and programme structure
15.3 Environmental constraints and sustainability
15.3.1 Response of nutrients on lower food web structure and function
15.3.2 Production perspectives
15.3.2.1 Concept 1: Harvesting of herbivore zooplankton resources, including copepods and krill
15.3.2.2 Concept 2: Cultivation of benthic, herbivore/omnivore animals, exemplified by blue mussel
15.3.2.3 Concept 3: Enhance production potential by creation of artificial upwelling systems
15.3.2.4 Concept 4: Strategic fertilization or use of available nutrient resources
15.3.2.5 Concept 5: Further exploitation of macroalgal biomass
15.3.3 Environmental perspectives
15.3.4 Interaction resources -- environment
15.3.5 Contributions and user value
15.3.5.1 Research strategies and policy making
15.3.5.2 User value for management
15.3.5.3 User value for industry
16 Assessment of Ecological Quality
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Assessment of the ecological status
16.2.1 Typology
16.2.2 Reference conditions and classification
16.2.3 Intercalibration
16.3 Conclusions
17 Cultural eutrophication: perspectives and prospects
17.1 History
17.2 Cultural eutrophication
17.3 Phases
17.4 Sources
17.5 Understanding
17.6 Remediation of cultural eutrophication
17.7 Controlled cultural eutrophication and aquaculture
17.8 Epilogue
F Case studies
18 Northern Adriatic Sea
18.1 Introduction
18.2 An oceanographic overview
18.3 Southern and central basins
18.4 Northern basin
18.5 Distribution of chl a and primary production
18.6 Red tides
18.7 Mucilage Phenomena
18.8 Mechanisms
19 Gulf of Riga, the Baltic Sea
19.1 Introduction
19.2 High input, low load
19.3 Variation in riverine loads
19.4 River runoff and atmospheric forcing
19.5 The Gulf is basically nitrogen-limited
19.6 Spatial variability of phytoplankton
19.7 Temporal vs. spatial variability
19.8 Moderate primary production, high respiration
19.9 Phytoplankton and vertical export of cells
19.10 The importance of microbial and viral loops in carbon cycling
19.11 P retention
19.12 Sources of settling material
19.13 Eutrophication in the Gulf of Riga: fiction or reality?
20 East African Great Lakes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Hydrography, Malawi, Victoria, Tanganyika
20.3 Limiting nutrients in Lake Malawi, Victoria and Tanganyika
20.4 Eutrophication in Lake Victoria
20.5 Eutrophication, Malawi, Tanganyika, Victoria
20.6 Particular eutrophication issues to consider for Lake Malaw
20.6.1 Main source of nutrients in Lake Malawi
20.6.1.1 Rivers
20.6.1.2 Atmospheric deposition
20.6.2 Nutrient cycles in Lake Malawi
20.6.3 Recent ecological changes in Lake Malawi
20.7 Summary
21 Lakes Peipsi and Võrtsjärv
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Changes in nutrinet loading
21.3 Nutrient loading and phytoplankton
21.4 Water level changes
21.5 Water level, nutrients and phytoplankton
21.6 Climate, water level and phytoplankton
21.7 Climate, nutrients and fish-kills
21.8 Fishes and food webs
21.9 Acknowledgements
References
Index
Footnotes
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